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The Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis (1965 to 1991) pioneered early cartographic and architectural computer applications that led to integrated geographic information systems (GIS). Some of the Laboratory's influential programs included SYMAP, SYMVU, GRID, CALFORM, and POLYVRT. The Laboratory's Odyssey project created a geographic information system that served as a milestone in the development of integrated mapping systems.〔Chrisman, Nick, ("Charting the Unknown: How Computer Mapping At Harvard Became GIS" ), ESRI (2004)〕 The Laboratory influenced numerous computer graphic, mapping and architectural systems such as Intergraph, Computervision, and Esri. ==Founding== In 1963, during a training session held at Northwestern University, Chicago architect Howard T. Fisher encountered computer maps on urban planning and civil engineering produced by Edgar Horwood's group at the University of Washington.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Howard Fisher, GSD Proffessor, Dies at 75 )〕 Fisher conceived a computer mapping software program, SYMAP (Synergistic Mapping), to produce conformant, proximal, and contour maps on a line printer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Health Based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their Applications )〕 Fisher applied for a Ford Foundation grant to explore thematic mapping based on early SYMAP outputs, which was awarded in 1965. In association with Harvard providing facilities in Robinson Hall in Harvard Yard as part of the Graduate School of Design,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Harvard Graduate School of Design - Homepage )〕 the Ford Foundation provided $294,000 over three years to seed the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics. Working with programmer Betty Benson,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Charting the Unknown: How Computer Mapping at Harvard Became GIS )〕 Fisher completed SYMAP for distribution in 1966. Also under Fisher's direction, SYMVU and GRID programs were developed. A 1968 reorganisation followed Fisher reaching Harvard's mandatory retirement age and led to renaming as the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis. From 1972, the Laboratory was based in Graduate School's newly-built Gund Hall. The Laboratory's original and continuing goals were: # To design and develop computer software for the analysis and graphic display of spatial data. # To distribute the resulting software to governmental agencies, educational organizations and interested professionals. # To conduct research concerning the definition and analysis of spatial structure and process."〔LAB-LOG 1978, Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Harvard University (1978).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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